在 Linux 下，我们经常需要查看系统的硬件信息， 这里我罗列了查看系统硬件信息的实用命令，并做了分类，实例解说。

CPU

lscpu---查看的是 cpu 的统计信息

[root@cn-sh ~]# lscpu 
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                2
On-line CPU(s) list:   0,1
Thread(s) per core:    1
Core(s) per socket:    2
Socket(s):             1
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 94
Model name:            Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6148 CPU @ 2.40GHz
Stepping:              3
CPU MHz:               2394.374
BogoMIPS:              4788.74
Hypervisor vendor:     KVM
Virtualization type:   full
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              4096K
L3 cache:              28160K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0,1
Flags:                 fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single fsgsbase bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat

查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每个cpu信息，如每个CPU的型号，主频等

[root@cn-sh ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor       : 0
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 94
model name      : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6148 CPU @ 2.40GHz
stepping        : 3
microcode       : 0x1
cpu MHz         : 2394.374
cache size      : 28160 KB
physical id     : 0
siblings        : 2
core id         : 0
cpu cores       : 2
apicid          : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 13
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single fsgsbase bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat
bogomips        : 4788.74
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor       : 1
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 94
model name      : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6148 CPU @ 2.40GHz
stepping        : 3
microcode       : 0x1
cpu MHz         : 2394.374
cache size      : 28160 KB
physical id     : 0
siblings        : 2
core id         : 1
cpu cores       : 2
apicid          : 1
initial apicid  : 1
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 13
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single fsgsbase bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat
bogomips        : 4788.74
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

内存

概要查看内存情况

[root@cn-sh ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           3.7G        630M        2.1G        808K        1.0G        2.8G
Swap:            0B          0B          0B

查看内存详细使用

[root@cn-sh ~]# cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:        3880168 kB
MemFree:         2179824 kB
MemAvailable:    2953032 kB
Buffers:          140184 kB
Cached:           712932 kB
SwapCached:            0 kB
Active:          1098856 kB
Inactive:         265416 kB
Active(anon):     511272 kB
Inactive(anon):      696 kB
Active(file):     587584 kB
Inactive(file):   264720 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:             0 kB
SwapFree:              0 kB
Dirty:               308 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:        511208 kB
Mapped:            66772 kB
Shmem:               808 kB
Slab:             234540 kB
SReclaimable:     210124 kB
SUnreclaim:        24416 kB
KernelStack:        2928 kB
PageTables:        29976 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     1940084 kB
Committed_AS:    1776716 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:       12832 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359720444 kB
Percpu:              328 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:     67584 kB
CmaTotal:              0 kB
CmaFree:               0 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:       59256 kB
DirectMap2M:     3086336 kB
DirectMap1G:     3145728 kB

查看内存硬件信息

[root@cn-sh ~]# dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 3.2
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.8 present.

Handle 0x1000, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
        Location: Other
        Use: System Memory
        Error Correction Type: Multi-bit ECC
        Maximum Capacity: 4 GB
        Error Information Handle: Not Provided
        Number Of Devices: 1

Handle 0x1100, DMI type 17, 40 bytes
Memory Device
        Array Handle: 0x1000
        Error Information Handle: Not Provided
        Total Width: Unknown
        Data Width: Unknown
        Size: 4096 MB
        Form Factor: DIMM
        Set: None
        Locator: DIMM 0
        Bank Locator: Not Specified
        Type: RAM
        Type Detail: Other
        Speed: Unknown
        Manufacturer: Smdbmds
        Serial Number: Not Specified
        Asset Tag: Not Specified
        Part Number: Not Specified
        Rank: Unknown
        Configured Memory Speed: Unknown
        Minimum Voltage: Unknown
        Maximum Voltage: Unknown
        Configured Voltage: Unknown

磁盘

查看硬盘和分区分布

[root@cn-sh ~]# lsblk 
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0     11:0    1 16.5M  0 rom  
vda    253:0    0   50G  0 disk 
└─vda1 253:1    0   50G  0 part /

查看硬盘和分区的详细信息

[root@cn-sh ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/vda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000d64b4

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vda1   *        2048   104857566    52427759+  83  Linux

网卡

查看网卡硬件信息

[root@cn-sh ~]# lspci | grep -i 'eth'
00:05.0 Ethernet controller: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio network device

查看系统的所有网络接口

[root@cn-sh ~]# ifconfig -a
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.17.0.7  netmask 255.255.240.0  broadcast 172.17.15.255
        inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe4e:6e10  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 52:54:00:4e:6e:10  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 76544140  bytes 52961330313 (49.3 GiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 49994906  bytes 14614980486 (13.6 GiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 1114162  bytes 4204361788 (3.9 GiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 1114162  bytes 4204361788 (3.9 GiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

或者是

[root@cn-sh ~]# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:4e:6e:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

又或者是

[root@cn-sh ~]# cat /proc/net/dev
Inter-| Receive | Transmitface |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast | bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
eth0: 52962064257 76545540    0    0    0     0          0         0 14615225394 49996010    0    0    0     0       0          0
lo: 4204456644 1114222    0    0    0     0          0         0 4204456644 1114222    0    0    0     0       0          0

看某个网卡的详细信息

[root@cn-sh ~]# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
        Link detected: yes

PCI

查看pci信息，即主板所有硬件槽信息

[root@cn-sh ~]# lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev 02)
00:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
00:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II]
00:01.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 USB [Natoma/Triton II] (rev 01)
00:01.3 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev 03)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Cirrus Logic GD 5446
00:03.0 PCI bridge: Red Hat, Inc. QEMU PCI-PCI bridge
00:04.0 PCI bridge: Red Hat, Inc. QEMU PCI-PCI bridge
00:05.0 Ethernet controller: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio network device
00:06.0 SCSI storage controller: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio block device
00:07.0 Unclassified device [00ff]: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio memory balloon

BIOS

[root@cn-sh ~]# dmidecode -t bios
# dmidecode 3.2
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.8 present.

Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
        Vendor: SeaBIOS
        Version: seabios-1.9.1-qemu-project.org
        Release Date: 04/01/2014
        Address: 0xE8000
        Runtime Size: 96 kB
        ROM Size: 64 kB
        Characteristics:
                BIOS characteristics not supported
                Targeted content distribution is supported
        BIOS Revision: 0.0

dmidecode以一种可读的方式dump出机器的DMI（Desktop Management Interface）信息，这些信息包括了硬件以及BIOS，既可以得到当前的配置，也可以得到系统支持的最大配置，比如说支持的最大内存数等，如果要查看所有有用信息，可以使用dmidecode -q，里面包含了很多硬件信息。

一次性看全的作弊码

lshw